Boom's Taxonomy of Observable Behaviors in the Cognitive Domain

Learning Level

Associated Action Verbs

Knowledge - ability to recall information

Arrange, collect, complete, copy, count, define, duplicate, imitate, label, list, match, memorize, name, omit, order, outline, place, point, recognize, recall, repeat, reproduce, state, select, underline

Comprehension- interpreting information in one's own words

Classify, conclude, contrast, describe, discuss, estimate, explain, express, fill in, formulate, identify, illustrate, indicate, judge, justify, locate, name, recognize, report, represent, restate, review, select, sort, tell, transform, translate

Application - using knowledge in a novel situation

Apply, assess, choose, construct, compute, demonstrate, dramatize, employ, explain, find, illustrate, indicate, interpret, isolate, make, operate, perform, practice, prepare, predict, schedule, select, sketch, show, solve, use

Analysis - breaking down knowledge into parts and showing interrelationships

Analyze, appraise, calculate, categorize, classify, compare, conclude, contrast, criticize, defend, diagram, differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, examine, experiment, identify, inventory, justify, organize, present, question, resolve, select, separate, test

Synthesis - bringing together parts of knowledge to form a whole and solve a problem

Alter, argue, arrange, assemble, change, collect, combine, compose, construct, create, derive, design, develop, discuss, expand, extend, formulate, generalize, manage, modify, organize, plan, prepare, propose, rearrange, recombine, reconstruct, regroup, relate, restate, reorder, set up, summarize, synthesize, write

Evaluation- making judgments on the basis of criteria

Agree, appraise, argue, assess, assume, attack, attempt, avoid, challenge, choose, compare, cooperate, criticize, defend, determine, disagree, estimate, evaluate, identify, judge, predict, rate, recognize, score, select, support, validate, value

Sources:
Bloom, B. S., Englehart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H., and Krathwohl, D. R. 1956. Taxonomy of educational objectives: Handbook I, cognitive domain. NY: McKay.

Fardouly, N. 1998. Instructional design of learning materials. [On line]. Available: http://www.fbe.unsw.edu.au/learning/instructionaldesign/materials.htm.