Boom's Taxonomy of Observable Behaviors in the Cognitive Domain
Learning Level |
Associated Action Verbs |
Knowledge - ability to recall information |
Arrange, collect, complete, copy, count, define, duplicate, imitate, label, list, match, memorize, name, omit, order, outline, place, point, recognize, recall, repeat, reproduce, state, select, underline |
Comprehension- interpreting information in one's own words |
Classify, conclude, contrast, describe, discuss, estimate, explain, express, fill in, formulate, identify, illustrate, indicate, judge, justify, locate, name, recognize, report, represent, restate, review, select, sort, tell, transform, translate |
Application - using knowledge in a novel situation |
Apply, assess, choose, construct, compute, demonstrate, dramatize, employ, explain, find, illustrate, indicate, interpret, isolate, make, operate, perform, practice, prepare, predict, schedule, select, sketch, show, solve, use |
Analysis - breaking down knowledge into parts and showing interrelationships |
Analyze, appraise, calculate, categorize, classify, compare, conclude, contrast, criticize, defend, diagram, differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, examine, experiment, identify, inventory, justify, organize, present, question, resolve, select, separate, test |
Synthesis - bringing together parts of knowledge to form a whole and solve a problem |
Alter, argue, arrange, assemble, change, collect, combine, compose, construct, create, derive, design, develop, discuss, expand, extend, formulate, generalize, manage, modify, organize, plan, prepare, propose, rearrange, recombine, reconstruct, regroup, relate, restate, reorder, set up, summarize, synthesize, write |
Evaluation- making judgments on the basis of criteria |
Agree, appraise, argue, assess, assume, attack, attempt, avoid, challenge, choose, compare, cooperate, criticize, defend, determine, disagree, estimate, evaluate, identify, judge, predict, rate, recognize, score, select, support, validate, value |
Sources:
Bloom, B. S., Englehart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H., and Krathwohl, D. R.
1956. Taxonomy of educational objectives: Handbook I, cognitive domain.
NY: McKay.
Fardouly, N. 1998. Instructional design of learning materials. [On line]. Available: http://www.fbe.unsw.edu.au/learning/instructionaldesign/materials.htm.